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Critical Incident Debriefing
Few people are able to effectively handle the consequences of a catastrophe,
whether it be on an individual level (such as rape or other assault) or on a
larger level such as what our country experienced on 9-11. Victims may require
therapeutic intervention for weeks, months, or years.
As discussed below, human responses to trauma are somewhat predictable and can
be addressed with several types of specialized treatments, an example of which
is Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD).
Examples of Critical Incidents
A Critical Incident refers to trauma or catastrophe; e.g., a violent death, a
serious injury, or an imminent threat to the safety of an individual, a family,
a community, or a nation. Particularly powerful feelings occur during such
times, and these reactions have the potential of developing into a host of
psychological disorders, most notably post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Typical Reactions to a Critical Incident
Responses to Critical Incidents include shock, denial, emotional numbness,
depersonalization, grief, rage, sadness, confusion, alcohol and drug abuse,
interpersonal conflict, survivor guilt, shame, terror, suicidal feelings,
agitation, flashbacks, startle reactions, restlessness, moodiness, fatigue,
insomnia, loss of appetite, anhedonia, nightmares, excess vigilance, and loss of
concentration, all of which are quite normal not only among the victims but also
among those helping them. Much of the list above occurs immediately post-trauma;
however, other symptoms may not emerge for weeks, months or even years after the
triggering event.
The Techniques and Philosophy Behind Critical Incident Stress Debriefing
CIST is a group of techniques utilized by therapists to help others cope with
trauma. It allows victims to process trauma in a way that minimizes its
long-term damage. Ideally, the therapy is conducted at or near the scene of the
catastrophe – and within 72 hours of its occurrence -and specifically targets
the expression of all thoughts and emotions connected to the event.
In an attempt to prevent PTSD and other delayed psychological disorders, the
therapist educates, discusses, and predicts the possible emotions and problems
that may occur after the trauma. Immediate safety and security matters are
addressed, and the therapist tries to bring to victims a sense of closure to the
trauma and the need to reintegrate back into the community. |
